[q] _________ validity is the degree to which the study demonstrates that the treatment caused a change in behavior. [textentry] [c] internal [a] Yes. [c] external [a] No, external validity is about generalizing the findings to different people, places, and time periods. [c] construct [a] No, construct validity is about whether you are labeling your variables correctly--whether you are measuring and manipulating what you think you are. [c]* [a] No, internal validity is the degree to which the study demonstrates that the treatment caused a change in behavior.

[q] ________ factors are factors other than the treatment that, if not accounted for, may harm internal validity.[textentry] [c] extraneous [a] Yes, you were right. [c]* [a] No, extraneous factors, if not controlled or accounted for, may have effects that could be mistaken for treatment effects.

[q]  __________ refers to internal, biological changes such as growth, aging, and development that could be mistaken for treatment effects [textentry] [c] maturation [a] Right! [c] history [a] No, history refers to changes in the outside environment. [c]* [a] No, the correct answer is maturation.

 [q] _______ refers to external, environmental changes--other than the treatment--that might affect participants' behavior [textentry] [c] history [a] Correct. History effects could be mistaken for treatment effects. [c]* [a] Sorry, the answer is history.

[q]______ refers to changes in scores that result from the way participants were measured changing from pretest to posttest. [textentry] [c] instrumentation [a] Yes, in instrumentation, the actual measuring instrument changes, the way it is administered changes, or the way it is scored changes. [c] testing [a] No, testing refers to participants changing as a result of being tested/measured. In instrumentation, the actual measuring instrument changes, the way it is administered changes, or the way it is scored changes. [c]* [a] Sorry, instrumentation is the term that refers to changes in scores that result from the way participants were measured changing from pretest to posttest.

 [q]________ refers to participants scoring differently on the posttest as a result of what they learned from taking the pretest.[textentry] [c] testing [a] Right! [c] instrumentation [a] No, in instrumentation the measuring instrument changes; in testing, the participant changes because the participant was tested. [c]* [a] No, what you should have said was testing.

[q]_______ refers to differences between conditions are due to participants dropping out of the study.[textentry] [c] mortality [a] Yes, mortality--also called attrition--refers to differences between conditions are due to participants dropping out of the study. [c] attrition [a] Yes, attrition--usually called mortality--refers to differences between conditions are due to participants dropping out of the study. [c]* [a] The correct answer is mortality.

[q] Because the treatment and no-treatment groups are different at the end of the study, an investigator concludes that the treatment had an effect. If, however, the groups were already different before the treatment was introduced, the investigator may have been fooled by ____________________. [textentry] [c] selection [a] Correct [c]* [a] Sorry, the investigator may have been fooled by selection.

 [q] ___________ can create the illusion of a treatment effect if the treatment and no-treatment groups, although similar at one point, would have naturally grown apart (developed differently) even if no treatment had been administered. [textentry] [c]selection by maturation interaction; selection-maturation; selection by maturation interaction; selection by maturation [a] Good! [c]selection [a]You are half right, but selection alone would make the groups different at the beginning of the experiment. The correct answer is selection-maturation interaction. [c]maturation [a]You are close, but with maturation alone, the groups would mature in the same way. The correct answer is selection-maturation interaction. [c]* [a]The answer we were looking for is selection by maturation interaction.

[q]___________ may be a problem if participants are chosen because their scores were extreme because extreme scorers tend to get less extreme scores on retesting.[textentry] [c]regression; regression toward the mean [a]Yes, regression (also called regression toward the mean) can be a problem when participants are selected for their extreme scores. [c]* [a]No, the correct answer is regression toward the mean.

 [q]__________ refers to choosing your groups so that they are similar on certain characteristics to try to reduce selection bias. [textentry] [c]matching [a]Right, but realize that matching does not eliminate selection bias. Furthermore, because of regression and selection by maturation effects, two groups that were matched on the pretest may still score differently on the posttest. [c]* [a]Sorry, the answer is matching.

 [q]The ________ design is a before-after design that is not vulnerable to selection and selection by maturation interactions. [textentry] [c]pretest-posttest; pretest posttest; pretest postest [a]You are right that the pretest-posttest design is not vulnerable to selection and selection by maturation interactions. It is, however, extremely vulnerable to history, maturation, and testing effects. [c]* [a]The right answer is the pretest-posttest design.

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